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英语课堂:现在分词用法解析

非谓语动词核心梳理:现在分词(doing)与过去分词(done)一次讲清

文章定位:把一整套课堂讲解内容整理成结构清晰、可直接发布的博客笔记。内容尽量按课堂逻辑“全量保留知识点”,并补上必要的标题与归纳,方便复习与做题。


0. 为什么需要“非谓语”

课堂的出发点非常朴素:

  • 一个简单句(simple sentence)里原则上只有一个谓语动词
  • 但我们经常想在一个句子里表达多个动作/动词含义。

解决办法主要两条:

  1. 并列连词把多个简单句连起来(每个简单句各有一个谓语)。
  2. 把“多出来的动词”变成非谓语动词(即:不是谓语的动词形式),从而合规地放进同一个简单句。

非谓语动词三大形式:

  • to do(不定式)
  • doing(现在分词)
  • done(过去分词)

本文聚焦后两类:现在分词与过去分词。


1. 现在分词(doing / V-ing)总览

1.1 形式与本质

  • 形式:动词原形 + ing(课堂中也直接称 doing)。
  • 本质:它仍然“带着动词的影子”——仍有动作含义,也可体现时态/语态
  • 但它不能在句子中作谓语;除谓语外,几乎可充当各种成分。

课堂用例(先建立直觉):

  • Seeing is believing.(眼见为实)
    • seeing 作主语
    • believing 作表语
  • a self-winding watchwinding 作定语,修饰 watch
  • She was lying in bed, crying.crying 作状语:伴随)

1.2 现在分词的时态与语态(四个核心结构)

现在分词不仅是 doing 这么简单。课堂强调必须掌握这四个:

名称 结构 含义抓手
一般式(主动) doing 动作时间不强调;常与谓语同时/之后;或泛指
一般式(被动) being done “正在被……”/“处于被……”
完成式(主动) having done 非谓语动作先于谓语动作发生
完成式(被动) having been done “已经被……”且时间先于谓语

课堂口令式总结:

  • doing / being done / having done / having been done

2. 现在分词在句中充当的成分(逐项归纳)

课堂明确:现在分词除了不能当谓语,其他成分几乎都能当。下面按“主语—表语—宾语—宾补—定语—状语”的顺序梳理。

2.1 作主语:表示“事物化/抽象化”的动作概念

规则(课堂反复强调):

  • 现在分词作主语,谓语动词用单数(把它当作“一件事”)。

例句:

  • Talking means no harm.(空谈无济于事)
  • Climbing mountains is a good way to keep fit.(爬山是保持健康的好方法)
  • Can playing soft music records make me relax?(播放轻音乐唱片能让我放松吗?)

2.1.1 形式主语 it 句型(把真正主语 doing 后置)

课堂给的高频模板:

  • It is no use doing ...
  • It is useless doing ...
  • It is no good doing ...

例句:

  • It's no use crying over the spilt milk.(覆水难收;为洒掉的牛奶哭没有意义)
  • It is no use talking too much with him. He is too stubborn.

小补充:例句中出现的 spilt milk,其中 spiltspill 的过去分词作定语(为后文“done 作定语”埋伏笔)。


2.2 作表语:主语的“表现/性质”,多偏抽象或习惯性动作

课堂的关键对比:

  • doing(更偏抽象概念/习惯性
  • to do(更偏一次性/具体/当前意愿,不确定性更强)

例句:

  • What he likes best is making jokes.(他最喜欢的是开玩笑)
  • Denying this will be shutting one's eyes to facts.(否认这一点等于闭眼不看事实)
  • Her favorite pastime is playing golf.(她最喜欢的消遣是打高尔夫)
  • One of the good exercises is swimming.

2.2.1 “-ing 形容词”作表语:表示“令人……”的性质

课堂把这一块和大家熟悉的 -ed/-ing 形容词联系起来:

  • -ing:多修饰事物,含“令人……的”(主动影响别人)
  • -ed:多修饰人/感受,含“感到……的/被……的”(被动承受)

课堂列举的高频词(建议背诵):

  • amusing / encouraging / interesting / promising / astonishing / exciting / frightening / puzzling / boring / inspiring / moving / surprising ...

例句:

  • The news sounds encouraging.
  • The film is moving and interesting.

2.2.2 “表语 doing” vs “进行时 be doing”

课堂区分点:

  • 表语 doing:强调主语性质/特征;系动词不一定是 be,可用其他系动词(如 sound)。
  • 进行时 be doing:强调“正在进行的动作”,结构固定,只能 be doing

对比例句:

  • The situation in our country is encouraging.(表语:形容“局势鼓舞人心”)
  • The situation in our country is encouraging the people.(进行:局势“正在鼓励”人们)

2.3 作宾语:动宾 / 介宾

课堂把宾语分两类:

  • 动宾:在动词后
  • 介宾:在介词后(介词后必须接动名词/doing)

2.3.1 只能接 doing 作宾语的一批动词(动宾)

课堂给的方法很“做题向”:

  • 把“必须接 doing”的背下来;剩下没背到的再考虑 to do

课堂列举的动词/结构(原样保留):

  • admit doing 承认做过
  • allow doing 允许做……(但:allow sb to do 允许某人做)
  • appreciate doing 感谢/欣赏做过
  • avoid doing 避免做
  • consider doing 考虑做
  • delay doing 耽误/延迟做
  • deny doing 否认做过
  • forgive doing 原谅已经发生的事(对比:forgive to do 原谅将要发生/尚未发生的事——课堂强调这点)
  • imagine doing 想象做
  • keep (on) doing 持续做(on 可省)
  • mind doing 介意做
  • permit doing 允许做……(但:permit sb to do 允许某人做)
  • practice doing 练习做
  • prevent doing 阻止做
  • put off doing 推迟做
  • resist doing 抵抗做
  • risk doing 冒险做
  • suggest doing 建议做
  • can't help doing 情不自禁做

课堂例句:

  • She doesn't allow smoking in the room.
  • You must try your best to avoid meeting him in that street.
  • When I heard his voice, I couldn't help thinking of my father.
  • I'm considering making a trip to Japan.
  • She denied making a mistake.

2.3.2 常见“介词 + doing”结构(介宾)

课堂列了大量固定搭配,原则一句话:

  • 介词后面接动词时,一律用 doing

高频“be + 形容词 + of + doing”一组(课堂逐个举例):

  • be afraid of doing
  • be ashamed of doing
  • be fond of doing
  • be proud of doing
  • be sick of doing
  • be tired of doing

其他高频搭配(课堂原表保留,建议重点记高亮项):

  • be busy (in) doingin 可省)
  • be engaged in doing
  • be good at doing
  • be interested in doing
  • be sentenced to doing(了解:判处……)
  • be used to doing / get used to doing 习惯于做(对比:used to do 过去常常做)
  • carry on doing 继续做
  • contribute to doing 贡献于/促成……
  • dream of doing 梦想做
  • excuse for doing 为……辩解
  • feel like doing 想要/愿意做
  • give up doing 放弃做
  • hear of doing 听说……
  • have trouble (in) doingin 可省)做……有困难
  • insist on doing 坚持做
  • keep ... from doing 阻止/防止……做
  • keep on doing 继续做
  • know of doing(课堂提到)
  • lead to doing 导致……
  • look forward to doing 盼望……(应用文/信件结尾高频)
  • prevent sb from doing 阻止……做
  • save ... from doing 防止……
  • set about doing 着手做
  • stick to doing 坚持做
  • stop sb from doing 阻止……做
  • succeed in doing 成功做
  • thank sb for doing 感谢……
  • think of doing 想到做
  • spend 时间/金钱 (in) doing 花费……做(in 可省)

课堂例句:

  • I'm proud of being a Chinese.
  • I have some difficulty (in) finding out when the train leaves.
  • We look forward to seeing you again.
  • Don't keep on interrupting me.

2.4 作定语:既能表示“用途”,也能表示“正在进行/主动”

2.4.1 doing 作前置定语:常见表达“用途”

课堂举了一串“名词用途”类的固定搭配(理解即可):

  • dining room 餐厅
  • drinking water 饮用水
  • reading room 阅览室
  • sitting room 起居室
  • sleeping car 卧铺车厢
  • smoking room 吸烟室
  • waiting room 候车室
  • walking stick 手杖
  • writing desk 写字台

2.4.2 doing 作前置定语:也可表示“正在……”的状态

  • the swimming boy(正在游泳的男孩)

2.4.3 现在分词短语作后置定语:长的修饰往后放

课堂解释了一个语言规律:

  • 英语倾向于“右分支”,修饰信息长时往往放在名词后面。

例句:

  • This is the path leading to the school.(通往学校的路)
  • The man running over there is our chairman.
  • The boy reading under a tree is an orphan.

2.4.4 “主动/被动”判断:靠逻辑与翻译

课堂给的核心判断法:

  • 把名词和分词翻译成中文,用常识判断:
    • 名词能“主动发出该动作” → 用 doing
    • 名词是“动作作用的对象/承受者” → 往往要用被动形式(见 2.7 / 过去分词部分)

例句:

  • the road drawing the two villages(连接两个村子的路:road 能“连接” → 主动)
  • a room facing north(房间“面朝北” → 主动)

课堂提醒:现在分词作定语一般不用于表达“发生在谓语动作之前/之后”的动作
例如类似 the man coming yesterday ... 这种表达不地道,往往改成定语从句:the man who came yesterday ...
表将来时更常用不定式作定语:the students to attend the meeting ...


2.5 作宾语补足语(宾补):强调“主动 + 正在进行”

课堂列出常见谓语动词(感官/使役类)后跟 doing 作宾补:

  • feel / hear / keep / leave / listen to / look at / notice / see / watch + 宾语 + doing

语义特征:

  • 宾语与宾补在逻辑上是主动关系
  • 强调动作正在进行/持续

例句:

  • The parents can hear their daughter playing the piano.
  • Don't leave him waiting outside in the rain.
  • He saw the thief stealing some money from the bank.

2.6 作状语:时间、原因、让步、方式/伴随、结果……

课堂强调:

  • 现在分词作状语,本质上常来自从句省略
  • 核心条件:分词动作与主句主语之间多为主动逻辑关系

下面按课堂讲解顺序梳理。

2.6.1 时间状语:≈ 时间状语从句(when/while/on/after)

1)两动作几乎同时:

  • Hearing the bad news, they couldn't help crying.
    • When they heard the bad news, ...
    • 课堂解释省略过程:从句主语与主句主语一致 → 省略主语 → 引导词也可省 → 谓语动词变非谓语(主动 → hearing)。

2)强调“在进行过程中”:常保留 when/while

  • Be careful when crossing the street.
    • when you are crossing ...
  • While playing the piano, she got very excited.
    • while she was playing ...

3)先后顺序明确:doing 动作先发生 → 用完成式 having done

  • Having received his letter, I decided to write back.
    • After I had received ..., I decided ...
    • 课堂也提到可用 after doingAfter receiving his letter, ...

2.6.2 原因状语:≈ because/as 引导的原因从句

  • Not recognizing the voice, he refused to give the person his address.
    • Because he didn't recognize the voice, ...
  • Being so angry, he couldn't go to sleep.
    • Because he was so angry, ...

原因也可用完成式(原因先发生):

  • Having been to the Great Wall many times, he didn't go there last week.
    • Because/As he had been to ..., ...
  • Not having received his father's letter, he decided to make a call to him.

课堂提示:being + 形容词 这种结构常见于原因状语(理解即可)。

2.6.3 让步状语:≈ although/even if/even though

课堂把“让步”解释成“退一步讲”。

  • Although working from morning till night, his father didn't get enough food.
    • Although his father worked from morning till night, ...

2.6.4 方式状语 / 伴随状语:常可改写为并列句

  • They came into the classroom, singing and laughing.
    • They sang and laughed and they came into the classroom.

课堂提醒:

  • 分词状语往往表示次要动作;主句谓语通常承载主要信息。

2.6.5 结果状语:主句动作先发生 → 分词表示结果

课堂例句(含结果连词 thus/so 等时更像“结果”):

  • The bus was held up by the snowstorm, thus causing the delay.

3. 现在分词的否定、逻辑主语、被动:易考补充点

3.1 否定形式:所有非谓语的否定都很“粗暴”

课堂一句话:

  • 在非谓语前直接加 not

对应三大非谓语:

  • not to do
  • not doing
  • not done

例句:

  • I must apologize for not letting you know ahead of time.
  • Not having received a reply, he decided to write again.

3.2 现在分词短语(课堂语境:给分词加“逻辑主语”)

课堂引入“逻辑主语”的思路:

  • 主语 = 谓语动词动作的发出者。
  • 非谓语虽然不是谓语,但仍是“动作”,因此也有动作发出者。
  • 这个发出者叫:逻辑主语(经常在题目解析里出现)。

3.2.1 用物主代词/名词所有格 + doing:最典型的“现在分词短语”

课堂说法:

  • doing 前加物主代词(my/your/his/her/our/their)或名词所有格(Mary's / Li Ming's),用来明确谁做这个动作。

例句:

  • Li Ming's being late made his teacher very angry.
    • 不加逻辑主语:Being late made his teacher very angry.(会问:谁迟到?)
  • Do you mind my leaving now?
  • Do you mind Li Ming asking some questions?

3.2.2 逻辑主语的格:所有格 vs 普通格/宾格(课堂给的“做题点”)

课堂补充:

  • 不用“现在分词短语”这种写法时,逻辑主语可用代词宾格/名词普通格
  • 但在某些结构里(课堂重点强调的场景),逻辑主语更常用:
    • 代词所有格 / 名词所有格

例句(课堂并列展示可替换):

  • He will be surprised at my / me calling.
  • We all worry about Mary's / Mary going there alone.

课堂原话要点:做逻辑主语时,经常看到“所有格/普通格”两种写法并存。

3.3 常用时态:一般式 doing vs 完成式 having done

课堂总结:

  • 大多数情况用一般式 doing:时间不强调/无明确先后。
  • 需要强调先后顺序时用完成式 having done:分词动作先发生。

例句:

  • I'm looking forward to seeing you soon.
  • The child is used to playing football.
  • I enjoy listening to music very much.
  • He is praised for having devoted his whole life to the country.
  • You regret not having taken the doctor's advice, don't you?
  • Thank you for having helped me so much.

3.4 现在分词的被动:being done(及其典型用法)

判断原则(课堂原话逻辑):

  • 当现在分词逻辑主语是该动作的对象/承受者时 → 用被动 being done

例句:

  • The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.
  • Before being used, the machine must be checked.

3.4.1 being done 作定语:既要“进行”又要“被动”

课堂给的经典替换:

  • The question being discussed is very important.
    • The question that is being discussed ...
  • The skyscraper being built is still higher than the one built the year before last.
    • 前者:正在被建(进行 + 被动)
    • 后者:建好了(完成)

3.4.2 “want/need/require/deserve/worth + doing” 表被动含义

课堂强调:有些动词后面用主动 doing,但语义是“需要被……”。

两种等价结构:

  1. 主语 + want/need/require + doing
  2. 主语 + want/need/require/deserve/worth + to be done

例句:

  • The radio needs repairing.The radio needs to be repaired.
  • The babies need examining.The babies need to be examined.
  • The sick woman needs looking after.... needs to be looked after.

worth 相关高频句型(课堂要求背):

  • be well worth doing(注意:用 well 修饰,不用 very
  • be worthy to be done
  • be worthy of being done

例句:

  • The book is well worth reading again.
    • The book is worthy to be read again.
    • The book is worthy of being read again.
  • The piano is well worth buying.
  • The honest men are worth respecting and depending on.

4. 过去分词(done / V-ed)总览

4.1 形式与语义核心

  • 形式:常见是 动词原形 + ed,也可能是不规则变化(需记:do–did–done 这三形)。
  • 语义:过去分词通常强调:
    • 完成(已经……)
    • 被动(被……)

与现在分词的“对立”抓手(课堂高频结论):

  • doing进行 + 主动
  • done完成 + 被动(但注意:不及物动词的 done 只能表完成,不能表被动)

4.2 过去分词作定语:最典型用法

例句:

  • Look at the broken glasses.
    • broken 修饰 glasses:已经被打碎的玻璃杯
    • 不规则变化提示:break–broke–broken

4.2.1 不及物动词的过去分词:只能表“完成”,不表“被动”

课堂用 fall 解释原因:

  • 不及物动词没有宾语 → 无法构成“被动”。

对比例句:

  • There are many fallen leaves on the ground.(已经落下的叶子:完成)
  • There are many falling leaves ...(正在落下的叶子:进行)

4.3 过去分词作表语:表示“状态/被动”

例句:

  • I was pleased at the news.

课堂连接到 -ed 形容词:

  • pleased(我感到开心:被使开心)
  • 对应 -ing:事物“令人开心”。

4.4 过去分词作宾补:感官/使役动词后,宾语与宾补是被动关系

课堂列举场景:

  • see / feel / hear / notice / watch / make / let / get ... 之后,若出现过去分词作宾补:
    • 宾语与宾补在逻辑关系上是被动

例句:

  • I heard the windows bitten by raindrops.
    • windows 不是主动去“咬/敲”,而是被雨点敲打。

4.5 过去分词作状语:时间/原因/让步/条件/伴随/结果等

课堂方法依旧是“看逻辑主语”:

  • 主句主语与分词之间:
    • 被动 → 用过去分词
    • 主动 → 用现在分词

例子对比(课堂思路):

  • Wounded, the brave soldier continued to fight.
    • soldierwound 是被动(士兵被伤)
  • 若换成 Hearing the news, ...
    • soldierhear 是主动(士兵听到)

5. 独立主格(Absolute Construction):逻辑主语“单独站出来”

课堂把独立主格和“逻辑主语”强关联:独立主格 = 自带逻辑主语的非谓语结构

5.1 定义与核心特征

  • 结构:名词/主格代词 + 其他成分(常见:非谓语动词)
  • 语法地位:
    • 独立于主句(不是完整句子,但意思完整)
    • 多用逗号与主句分隔
  • 功能:相当于状语从句,补充说明时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随等。

课堂的关键区分:

  • 若“状语从句的主语”与“主句主语”一致 → 常可省略成现在分词/过去分词作状语。
  • 若二者不一致 → 不能省略从句主语 → 就形成独立主格(必须保留逻辑主语)。

5.2 经典例句(主动/被动各一)

  • Spring coming on, the trees turn green.
    • 原句思路:When spring is coming on, ...
    • springcome 主动 → coming
  • Gary sat silently, (his) eyes closed.
    • eyesclose 被动 → closed

5.3 独立主格的常见构成类型(课堂逐条列)

1)名词/主格代词 + 不定式(表将来)

  • The teacher to help us, we will succeed.

2)名词/主格代词 + 现在分词(主动/可含进行)

  • Time permitting, we can finish the work.

3)名词/主格代词 + 过去分词(被动/完成)

  • The signal given, the bus started.

4)名词/主格代词 + 形容词/副词/介词短语(类似表语,说明状态)

  • The meeting over, the students were dismissed.

5)there being + 名词/代词(特殊结构)

  • There being no buses, I had to walk home.

5.4 with / without + 独立主格:让表达更地道

课堂观点:

  • with/without 带有“伴随/带着”的语感,使句子更自然、表达更生动。

例句:

  • The classroom is very bright, with all the lights turned on.
    • lightsturn on 被动 → turned on
  • He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the stars.
    • eyeslook 主动 → looking

课堂补充:with + 独立主格 也可作后置定语(修饰名词)。
例:I can't go out with a lot of homework to do.


6. 做题时最实用的一句话:先看“逻辑主语”

不管你是在做填空、改错,还是在阅读中判断结构,课堂反复强调的判断法是:

  1. 先找主句主语(或独立结构里的逻辑主语)。
  2. 看它与分词动作的关系:
    • 主动/进行倾向 → doing
    • 被动/完成倾向 → donebeing done / having been done
  3. 再看是否存在明确的先后顺序:
    • 分词动作先发生 → having done / having been done

7. 结语:把“三件事”背熟就够用

如果你想把这章彻底吃透,课堂的学习路径可以浓缩成三件事:

  1. 结构表doing / being done / having done / having been done
  2. 成分表:主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语、状语(每种都能举出一个例句)
  3. 逻辑主语:主动/被动 + 是否省略 → 分词状语 vs 独立主格

你可以把本文当作“非谓语(分词部分)复习清单”,配合做题反复回看。

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