非谓语动词核心梳理:现在分词(doing)与过去分词(done)一次讲清
文章定位:把一整套课堂讲解内容整理成结构清晰、可直接发布的博客笔记。内容尽量按课堂逻辑“全量保留知识点”,并补上必要的标题与归纳,方便复习与做题。
0. 为什么需要“非谓语”
课堂的出发点非常朴素:
- 一个简单句(simple sentence)里原则上只有一个谓语动词。
- 但我们经常想在一个句子里表达多个动作/动词含义。
解决办法主要两条:
- 并列连词把多个简单句连起来(每个简单句各有一个谓语)。
- 把“多出来的动词”变成非谓语动词(即:不是谓语的动词形式),从而合规地放进同一个简单句。
非谓语动词三大形式:
to do(不定式)doing(现在分词)done(过去分词)
本文聚焦后两类:现在分词与过去分词。
1. 现在分词(doing / V-ing)总览
1.1 形式与本质
- 形式:动词原形 + ing(课堂中也直接称
doing)。 - 本质:它仍然“带着动词的影子”——仍有动作含义,也可体现时态/语态。
- 但它不能在句子中作谓语;除谓语外,几乎可充当各种成分。
课堂用例(先建立直觉):
Seeing is believing.(眼见为实)seeing作主语believing作表语
a self-winding watch(winding作定语,修饰watch)She was lying in bed, crying.(crying作状语:伴随)
1.2 现在分词的时态与语态(四个核心结构)
现在分词不仅是 doing 这么简单。课堂强调必须掌握这四个:
| 名称 | 结构 | 含义抓手 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般式(主动) | doing |
动作时间不强调;常与谓语同时/之后;或泛指 |
| 一般式(被动) | being done |
“正在被……”/“处于被……” |
| 完成式(主动) | having done |
非谓语动作先于谓语动作发生 |
| 完成式(被动) | having been done |
“已经被……”且时间先于谓语 |
课堂口令式总结:
doing / being done / having done / having been done
2. 现在分词在句中充当的成分(逐项归纳)
课堂明确:现在分词除了不能当谓语,其他成分几乎都能当。下面按“主语—表语—宾语—宾补—定语—状语”的顺序梳理。
2.1 作主语:表示“事物化/抽象化”的动作概念
规则(课堂反复强调):
- 现在分词作主语,谓语动词用单数(把它当作“一件事”)。
例句:
Talking means no harm.(空谈无济于事)Climbing mountains is a good way to keep fit.(爬山是保持健康的好方法)Can playing soft music records make me relax?(播放轻音乐唱片能让我放松吗?)
2.1.1 形式主语 it 句型(把真正主语 doing 后置)
课堂给的高频模板:
It is no use doing ...It is useless doing ...It is no good doing ...
例句:
It's no use crying over the spilt milk.(覆水难收;为洒掉的牛奶哭没有意义)It is no use talking too much with him. He is too stubborn.
小补充:例句中出现的
spilt milk,其中spilt是spill的过去分词作定语(为后文“done 作定语”埋伏笔)。
2.2 作表语:主语的“表现/性质”,多偏抽象或习惯性动作
课堂的关键对比:
doing(更偏抽象概念/习惯性)to do(更偏一次性/具体/当前意愿,不确定性更强)
例句:
What he likes best is making jokes.(他最喜欢的是开玩笑)Denying this will be shutting one's eyes to facts.(否认这一点等于闭眼不看事实)Her favorite pastime is playing golf.(她最喜欢的消遣是打高尔夫)One of the good exercises is swimming.
2.2.1 “-ing 形容词”作表语:表示“令人……”的性质
课堂把这一块和大家熟悉的 -ed/-ing 形容词联系起来:
-ing:多修饰事物,含“令人……的”(主动影响别人)-ed:多修饰人/感受,含“感到……的/被……的”(被动承受)
课堂列举的高频词(建议背诵):
amusing / encouraging / interesting / promising / astonishing / exciting / frightening / puzzling / boring / inspiring / moving / surprising ...
例句:
The news sounds encouraging.The film is moving and interesting.
2.2.2 “表语 doing” vs “进行时 be doing”
课堂区分点:
- 表语 doing:强调主语性质/特征;系动词不一定是
be,可用其他系动词(如sound)。 - 进行时 be doing:强调“正在进行的动作”,结构固定,只能
be doing。
对比例句:
The situation in our country is encouraging.(表语:形容“局势鼓舞人心”)The situation in our country is encouraging the people.(进行:局势“正在鼓励”人们)
2.3 作宾语:动宾 / 介宾
课堂把宾语分两类:
- 动宾:在动词后
- 介宾:在介词后(介词后必须接动名词/doing)
2.3.1 只能接 doing 作宾语的一批动词(动宾)
课堂给的方法很“做题向”:
- 把“必须接 doing”的背下来;剩下没背到的再考虑
to do。
课堂列举的动词/结构(原样保留):
admit doing承认做过allow doing允许做……(但:allow sb to do允许某人做)appreciate doing感谢/欣赏做过avoid doing避免做consider doing考虑做delay doing耽误/延迟做deny doing否认做过forgive doing原谅已经发生的事(对比:forgive to do原谅将要发生/尚未发生的事——课堂强调这点)imagine doing想象做keep (on) doing持续做(on可省)mind doing介意做permit doing允许做……(但:permit sb to do允许某人做)practice doing练习做prevent doing阻止做put off doing推迟做resist doing抵抗做risk doing冒险做suggest doing建议做can't help doing情不自禁做
课堂例句:
She doesn't allow smoking in the room.You must try your best to avoid meeting him in that street.When I heard his voice, I couldn't help thinking of my father.I'm considering making a trip to Japan.She denied making a mistake.
2.3.2 常见“介词 + doing”结构(介宾)
课堂列了大量固定搭配,原则一句话:
- 介词后面接动词时,一律用 doing。
高频“be + 形容词 + of + doing”一组(课堂逐个举例):
be afraid of doingbe ashamed of doingbe fond of doingbe proud of doingbe sick of doingbe tired of doing
其他高频搭配(课堂原表保留,建议重点记高亮项):
be busy (in) doing(in可省)be engaged in doingbe good at doingbe interested in doingbe sentenced to doing(了解:判处……)be used to doing / get used to doing习惯于做(对比:used to do过去常常做)carry on doing继续做contribute to doing贡献于/促成……dream of doing梦想做excuse for doing为……辩解feel like doing想要/愿意做give up doing放弃做hear of doing听说……have trouble (in) doing(in可省)做……有困难insist on doing坚持做keep ... from doing阻止/防止……做keep on doing继续做know of doing(课堂提到)lead to doing导致……look forward to doing盼望……(应用文/信件结尾高频)prevent sb from doing阻止……做save ... from doing防止……set about doing着手做stick to doing坚持做stop sb from doing阻止……做succeed in doing成功做thank sb for doing感谢……think of doing想到做spend 时间/金钱 (in) doing花费……做(in可省)
课堂例句:
I'm proud of being a Chinese.I have some difficulty (in) finding out when the train leaves.We look forward to seeing you again.Don't keep on interrupting me.
2.4 作定语:既能表示“用途”,也能表示“正在进行/主动”
2.4.1 doing 作前置定语:常见表达“用途”
课堂举了一串“名词用途”类的固定搭配(理解即可):
dining room餐厅drinking water饮用水reading room阅览室sitting room起居室sleeping car卧铺车厢smoking room吸烟室waiting room候车室walking stick手杖writing desk写字台
2.4.2 doing 作前置定语:也可表示“正在……”的状态
the swimming boy(正在游泳的男孩)
2.4.3 现在分词短语作后置定语:长的修饰往后放
课堂解释了一个语言规律:
- 英语倾向于“右分支”,修饰信息长时往往放在名词后面。
例句:
This is the path leading to the school.(通往学校的路)The man running over there is our chairman.The boy reading under a tree is an orphan.
2.4.4 “主动/被动”判断:靠逻辑与翻译
课堂给的核心判断法:
- 把名词和分词翻译成中文,用常识判断:
- 名词能“主动发出该动作” → 用
doing - 名词是“动作作用的对象/承受者” → 往往要用被动形式(见 2.7 / 过去分词部分)
- 名词能“主动发出该动作” → 用
例句:
the road drawing the two villages(连接两个村子的路:road能“连接” → 主动)a room facing north(房间“面朝北” → 主动)
课堂提醒:现在分词作定语一般不用于表达“发生在谓语动作之前/之后”的动作。
例如类似the man coming yesterday ...这种表达不地道,往往改成定语从句:the man who came yesterday ...。
表将来时更常用不定式作定语:the students to attend the meeting ...。
2.5 作宾语补足语(宾补):强调“主动 + 正在进行”
课堂列出常见谓语动词(感官/使役类)后跟 doing 作宾补:
feel / hear / keep / leave / listen to / look at / notice / see / watch + 宾语 + doing
语义特征:
- 宾语与宾补在逻辑上是主动关系
- 强调动作正在进行/持续
例句:
The parents can hear their daughter playing the piano.Don't leave him waiting outside in the rain.He saw the thief stealing some money from the bank.
2.6 作状语:时间、原因、让步、方式/伴随、结果……
课堂强调:
- 现在分词作状语,本质上常来自从句省略。
- 核心条件:分词动作与主句主语之间多为主动逻辑关系。
下面按课堂讲解顺序梳理。
2.6.1 时间状语:≈ 时间状语从句(when/while/on/after)
1)两动作几乎同时:
Hearing the bad news, they couldn't help crying.- ≈
When they heard the bad news, ... - 课堂解释省略过程:从句主语与主句主语一致 → 省略主语 → 引导词也可省 → 谓语动词变非谓语(主动 →
hearing)。
- ≈
2)强调“在进行过程中”:常保留 when/while
Be careful when crossing the street.- ≈
when you are crossing ...
- ≈
While playing the piano, she got very excited.- ≈
while she was playing ...
- ≈
3)先后顺序明确:doing 动作先发生 → 用完成式 having done
Having received his letter, I decided to write back.- ≈
After I had received ..., I decided ... - 课堂也提到可用
after doing:After receiving his letter, ...
- ≈
2.6.2 原因状语:≈ because/as 引导的原因从句
Not recognizing the voice, he refused to give the person his address.- ≈
Because he didn't recognize the voice, ...
- ≈
Being so angry, he couldn't go to sleep.- ≈
Because he was so angry, ...
- ≈
原因也可用完成式(原因先发生):
Having been to the Great Wall many times, he didn't go there last week.- ≈
Because/As he had been to ..., ...
- ≈
Not having received his father's letter, he decided to make a call to him.
课堂提示:
being + 形容词这种结构常见于原因状语(理解即可)。
2.6.3 让步状语:≈ although/even if/even though
课堂把“让步”解释成“退一步讲”。
Although working from morning till night, his father didn't get enough food.- ≈
Although his father worked from morning till night, ...
- ≈
2.6.4 方式状语 / 伴随状语:常可改写为并列句
They came into the classroom, singing and laughing.- ≈
They sang and laughed and they came into the classroom.
- ≈
课堂提醒:
- 分词状语往往表示次要动作;主句谓语通常承载主要信息。
2.6.5 结果状语:主句动作先发生 → 分词表示结果
课堂例句(含结果连词 thus/so 等时更像“结果”):
The bus was held up by the snowstorm, thus causing the delay.
3. 现在分词的否定、逻辑主语、被动:易考补充点
3.1 否定形式:所有非谓语的否定都很“粗暴”
课堂一句话:
- 在非谓语前直接加
not。
对应三大非谓语:
not to donot doingnot done
例句:
I must apologize for not letting you know ahead of time.Not having received a reply, he decided to write again.
3.2 现在分词短语(课堂语境:给分词加“逻辑主语”)
课堂引入“逻辑主语”的思路:
- 主语 = 谓语动词动作的发出者。
- 非谓语虽然不是谓语,但仍是“动作”,因此也有动作发出者。
- 这个发出者叫:逻辑主语(经常在题目解析里出现)。
3.2.1 用物主代词/名词所有格 + doing:最典型的“现在分词短语”
课堂说法:
- 在
doing前加物主代词(my/your/his/her/our/their)或名词所有格(Mary's / Li Ming's),用来明确谁做这个动作。
例句:
Li Ming's being late made his teacher very angry.- 不加逻辑主语:
Being late made his teacher very angry.(会问:谁迟到?)
- 不加逻辑主语:
Do you mind my leaving now?Do you mind Li Ming asking some questions?
3.2.2 逻辑主语的格:所有格 vs 普通格/宾格(课堂给的“做题点”)
课堂补充:
- 不用“现在分词短语”这种写法时,逻辑主语可用代词宾格/名词普通格。
- 但在某些结构里(课堂重点强调的场景),逻辑主语更常用:
- 代词所有格 / 名词所有格
例句(课堂并列展示可替换):
He will be surprised at my / me calling.We all worry about Mary's / Mary going there alone.
课堂原话要点:做逻辑主语时,经常看到“所有格/普通格”两种写法并存。
3.3 常用时态:一般式 doing vs 完成式 having done
课堂总结:
- 大多数情况用一般式
doing:时间不强调/无明确先后。 - 需要强调先后顺序时用完成式
having done:分词动作先发生。
例句:
I'm looking forward to seeing you soon.The child is used to playing football.I enjoy listening to music very much.He is praised for having devoted his whole life to the country.You regret not having taken the doctor's advice, don't you?Thank you for having helped me so much.
3.4 现在分词的被动:being done(及其典型用法)
判断原则(课堂原话逻辑):
- 当现在分词逻辑主语是该动作的对象/承受者时 → 用被动
being done。
例句:
The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.Before being used, the machine must be checked.
3.4.1 being done 作定语:既要“进行”又要“被动”
课堂给的经典替换:
The question being discussed is very important.- ≈
The question that is being discussed ...
- ≈
The skyscraper being built is still higher than the one built the year before last.- 前者:正在被建(进行 + 被动)
- 后者:建好了(完成)
3.4.2 “want/need/require/deserve/worth + doing” 表被动含义
课堂强调:有些动词后面用主动 doing,但语义是“需要被……”。
两种等价结构:
主语 + want/need/require + doing主语 + want/need/require/deserve/worth + to be done
例句:
The radio needs repairing.≈The radio needs to be repaired.The babies need examining.≈The babies need to be examined.The sick woman needs looking after.≈... needs to be looked after.
worth 相关高频句型(课堂要求背):
be well worth doing(注意:用well修饰,不用very)be worthy to be donebe worthy of being done
例句:
The book is well worth reading again.- ≈
The book is worthy to be read again. - ≈
The book is worthy of being read again.
- ≈
The piano is well worth buying.The honest men are worth respecting and depending on.
4. 过去分词(done / V-ed)总览
4.1 形式与语义核心
- 形式:常见是 动词原形 + ed,也可能是不规则变化(需记:
do–did–done这三形)。 - 语义:过去分词通常强调:
- 完成(已经……)
- 被动(被……)
与现在分词的“对立”抓手(课堂高频结论):
doing:进行 + 主动done:完成 + 被动(但注意:不及物动词的done只能表完成,不能表被动)
4.2 过去分词作定语:最典型用法
例句:
Look at the broken glasses.broken修饰glasses:已经被打碎的玻璃杯- 不规则变化提示:
break–broke–broken
4.2.1 不及物动词的过去分词:只能表“完成”,不表“被动”
课堂用 fall 解释原因:
- 不及物动词没有宾语 → 无法构成“被动”。
对比例句:
There are many fallen leaves on the ground.(已经落下的叶子:完成)There are many falling leaves ...(正在落下的叶子:进行)
4.3 过去分词作表语:表示“状态/被动”
例句:
I was pleased at the news.
课堂连接到 -ed 形容词:
pleased(我感到开心:被使开心)- 对应
-ing:事物“令人开心”。
4.4 过去分词作宾补:感官/使役动词后,宾语与宾补是被动关系
课堂列举场景:
- 在
see / feel / hear / notice / watch / make / let / get ...之后,若出现过去分词作宾补:- 宾语与宾补在逻辑关系上是被动。
例句:
I heard the windows bitten by raindrops.windows不是主动去“咬/敲”,而是被雨点敲打。
4.5 过去分词作状语:时间/原因/让步/条件/伴随/结果等
课堂方法依旧是“看逻辑主语”:
- 主句主语与分词之间:
- 被动 → 用过去分词
- 主动 → 用现在分词
例子对比(课堂思路):
Wounded, the brave soldier continued to fight.soldier与wound是被动(士兵被伤)
- 若换成
Hearing the news, ...soldier与hear是主动(士兵听到)
5. 独立主格(Absolute Construction):逻辑主语“单独站出来”
课堂把独立主格和“逻辑主语”强关联:独立主格 = 自带逻辑主语的非谓语结构。
5.1 定义与核心特征
- 结构:名词/主格代词 + 其他成分(常见:非谓语动词)
- 语法地位:
- 独立于主句(不是完整句子,但意思完整)
- 多用逗号与主句分隔
- 功能:相当于状语从句,补充说明时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随等。
课堂的关键区分:
- 若“状语从句的主语”与“主句主语”一致 → 常可省略成现在分词/过去分词作状语。
- 若二者不一致 → 不能省略从句主语 → 就形成独立主格(必须保留逻辑主语)。
5.2 经典例句(主动/被动各一)
Spring coming on, the trees turn green.- 原句思路:
When spring is coming on, ... spring与come主动 →coming
- 原句思路:
Gary sat silently, (his) eyes closed.eyes与close被动 →closed
5.3 独立主格的常见构成类型(课堂逐条列)
1)名词/主格代词 + 不定式(表将来)
The teacher to help us, we will succeed.
2)名词/主格代词 + 现在分词(主动/可含进行)
Time permitting, we can finish the work.
3)名词/主格代词 + 过去分词(被动/完成)
The signal given, the bus started.
4)名词/主格代词 + 形容词/副词/介词短语(类似表语,说明状态)
The meeting over, the students were dismissed.
5)there being + 名词/代词(特殊结构)
There being no buses, I had to walk home.
5.4 with / without + 独立主格:让表达更地道
课堂观点:
with/without带有“伴随/带着”的语感,使句子更自然、表达更生动。
例句:
The classroom is very bright, with all the lights turned on.lights与turn on被动 →turned on
He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the stars.eyes与look主动 →looking
课堂补充:
with + 独立主格也可作后置定语(修饰名词)。
例:I can't go out with a lot of homework to do.
6. 做题时最实用的一句话:先看“逻辑主语”
不管你是在做填空、改错,还是在阅读中判断结构,课堂反复强调的判断法是:
- 先找主句主语(或独立结构里的逻辑主语)。
- 看它与分词动作的关系:
- 主动/进行倾向 →
doing - 被动/完成倾向 →
done或being done / having been done
- 主动/进行倾向 →
- 再看是否存在明确的先后顺序:
- 分词动作先发生 →
having done / having been done
- 分词动作先发生 →
7. 结语:把“三件事”背熟就够用
如果你想把这章彻底吃透,课堂的学习路径可以浓缩成三件事:
- 结构表:
doing / being done / having done / having been done - 成分表:主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语、状语(每种都能举出一个例句)
- 逻辑主语:主动/被动 + 是否省略 → 分词状语 vs 独立主格
你可以把本文当作“非谓语(分词部分)复习清单”,配合做题反复回看。
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